The Iran Iraq War Essay Example for Free

The Iran Iraq warfarefare EssayWorld History Mr. Ricky Waldon Iran Iraq War Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) The Iran-Iraq War permanently altered the course of Iraki history. It strained Iraqi policy-making and social life, and led to severe economic dislocations. Viewed from a diachronic perspective, the outbreak of hostilities in 1980 was, in part, just a nonher phase of the ancient Persian-Arab conflict that had been fueled by twentieth-century border disputes. Many observers, however, believe that Saddam Husseins decision to invade Iran was a personal miscalculation based on ambition and a sense of vulnerability. Saddam Hussein, despite having do significant strides in forging an Iraqi nation-state, feared that Irans red-hot revolutionist leadership would threaten Iraqs delicate SunniShia balance and would exploit Iraqs geostrategic vulnerabilitiesIraqs minimal access to the Persian Gulf, for example. In this respect, Saddam Husseins decision to invade Iran has historical p recedent the ancient rulers of Mesopotamia, fearing internal strife and foreign conquest, excessively engaged in frequent battles with the peoples of the highlands.The Iran-Iraq War was multifaceted and included religious schisms, border disputes, and political differences. Conflicts contributing to the outbreak of hostilities ranged from centuries-old Sunni-versus-Shia and Arab-versus-Persian religious and ethnic disputes, to a personal animosity between Saddam Hussein and Ayatollah Khomeini. Above all, Iraq launched the war in an effort to merge its rising power in the Arab world and to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state.Phebe Marr, a noted analyst of Iraqi aff nervous strains, stated that the war was more than immediately the result of poor political judgement and miscalculation on the part of Saddam Hussein, and the decision to invade, taken at a second of Persian weakness, was Saddams. Iraq claimed territories inhabited by Arabs (the Southwestern vegetable oi l-producing province of Iran called Khouzestan), as well as Iraqs right over Shatt el-Arab (Arvandroud). Iraq and Iran had engaged in border clashes for some long time and had revived the dormant Shatt al Arab waterway dispute in 1979.Iraq claimed the 200-kilometer channel up to the Iranian shore as its territory, while Iran insisted that the thalwega line running deal the middle of the waterwaynegotiated last in 1975, was the hiticial border. The Iraqis, especially the Baath leadership, regarded the 1975 treaty as merely a truce, not a definitive settlement. The Iraqis also perceived revolutionary Irans Islamic agenda as threatening to their pan-Arabism. Khomeini, bitter over his expulsion from Iraq in 1977 after fifteen years in An Najaf, vowed to avenge Shia victims of Baathist repression.Baghdad became more confident, however, as it watched the once invincible Imperial Iranian ground forces disintegrate, as most of its highest ranking officers were executed. In Khuzestan (Ar abistan to the Iraqis), Iraqi intelligence officers incited riots over labor disputes, and in the Kurdish region, a new rebellion caused the Khomeini government severe troubles. As the Baathists planned their military campaign, they had every reason to be confident. Not only if did the Iranians lose cohesive leadership, but the Iranian armed forces, according to Iraqi intelligence estimates, also lacked spare parts for their American-made equipment.Baghdad, on the other hand, possessed fully equip and trained forces. Morale was running high. Against Irans armed forces, including the Pasdaran (Revolutionary Guard) troops, led by religious mullahs with little or no military experience, the Iraqis could muster twelve complete motorised divisions, equipped with the latest Soviet materiel. With the Iraqi military buildup in the late 1970s, Saddam Hussein had assembled an army of 190,000 men, augmented by 2,200 tanks and 450 aircraft.In addition, the area across the Shatt al Arab pos ed no major obstacles, particularly for an army equipped with Soviet river-crossing equipment. Iraqi commanders correctly assumed that crossing sites on the Khardeh and Karun rivers were lightly defended against their equip armor divisions moreover, Iraqi intelligence sources reported that Iranian forces in Khuzestan, which had formerly included two divisions distributed among Ahvaz, Dezful, and Abadan, now consisted of only a number of ill-equipped battalion-sized formations.capital of Iran was further disadvantaged because the area was controlled by the Regional 1st Corps headquartered at Bakhtaran (formerly Kermanshah), whereas operational control was directed from the capital. In the year following the shahs overthrow, only a handful of company-sized tank units had been operative, and the rest of the armor equipment had been poorly maintained. For Iraqi planners, the only uncertainty was the fighting ability of the Iranian air force, equipped with virtually of the most sophis ticated American-made aircraft.Despite the execution of key air force commanders and pilots, the Iranian air force had displayed its might during local riots and demonstrations. The air force was also active in the wake of the failed United States attempt to rescue American hostages in April 1980. This show of force had impressed Iraqi decision makers to such an goal that they decided to launch a massive preemptive air strike on Iranian air bases in an effort similar to the one that Israel use during the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War.Iraqi Offensives, 1980-82 Despite the Iraqi governments concern, the eruption of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran did not immediately destroy the Iraqi-Iranian rapprochement that had prevailed since the 1975 Algiers Agreement. As a sign of Iraqs desire to maintain good relations with the new government in Tehran, President Bakr sent a personal message to Khomeini offering his best wishes for the friendly Iranian people on the occasion of the establi shment of the Islamic Republic. In addition, as late as the end of August 1979, Iraqi authorities extended an invitation to Mehdi Bazargan, the world-class president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, to visit Iraq with the aim of improving bilateral relations. The fall of the moderate Bazargan government in late 1979, however, and the rise of Islamic militants preach an expansionist foreign policy soured Iraqi-Iranian relations. The principal events that touched off the rapid deterioration in relations occurred during the spring of 1980.In April the Iranian-supported Ad dawah attempted to assassinate Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz. Shortly after the failed grenade attack on Tariq Aziz, Ad Dawah was suspected of attempting to assassinate another(prenominal) Iraqi leader, Minister of Culture and Information Latif Nayyif Jasim. In response, the Iraqis immediately rounded up members and supporters of Ad Dawah and deported to Iran thousands of Shias of Iranian origin. In the summer o f 1980, Saddam Hussein lucid the executions of presumed Ad Dawah leader Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Baqr as Sadr and his sister.In September 1980, border skirmishes erupted in the important sector confining Qasr-e Shirin, with an exchange of artillery fire by both sides. A few weeks later, Saddam Hussein officially abrogated the 1975 treaty between Iraq and Iran and announced that the Shatt al Arab was returning to Iraqi sovereignty. Iran rejected this action and hostilities escalated as the two sides exchanged bombing raids deep into each others territory, beginning what was to be a protracted and extremely costly war. Baghdad originally planned a quick victory over Tehran.Saddam expected the invasion of the in the Arabic-speaking, oil-rich area of Khuzistan to result in an Arab uprising against Khomeinis fundamentalist Islamic regime. This revolt did not materialize, however, and the Arab minority remained loyal to Tehran. On September 22, 1980, formations of Iraqi MiG-23s and Mi G21s attacked Irans air bases at Mehrabad and Doshen-Tappen (both near Tehran), as well as Tabriz, Bakhtaran, Ahvaz, Dezful, Urmia (sometimes cited as Urumiyeh), Hamadan, Sanandaj, and Abadan. Their aim was to destroy the Iranian air force on the grounda lesson learned from the Arab-Israeli June 1967 War.They succeeded in destroying runways and fuel and ammunition depots, but much of Irans aircraft inventory was left intact. Iranian defenses were caught by surprise, but the Iraqi raids failed because Iranian jets were protected in specially strengthened hangars and because bombs designed to destroy runways did not totally incapacitate Irans very large airfields. Within hours, Iranian F-4 Phantoms took off from the same bases, successfully attacked strategically important targets close to major Iraqi cities, and returned home with very few losses.Simultaneously, six Iraqi army divisions entered Iran on ternion fronts in an initially successful surprise attack, where they drove as fa r as eight kilometers inland and occupied 1,000 square kilometers of Iranian territory. As a diversionary move on the northern front, an Iraqi mechanized mountain infantry division overwhelmed the border garrison at Qasr-e Shirin, a border t receive in Bakhtaran (formerly known as Kermanshahan) Province, and occupied territory thirty kilometers eastward to the base of the Zagros Mountains. This area was strategically significant because the main Baghdad-Tehran highway traversed it.On the rally front, Iraqi forces captured Mehran, on the western plain of the Zagros Mountains in Ilam Province, and pushed eastward to the mountain base. Mehran occupied an important position on the major north-south road, close to the border on the Iranian side. The main thrust of the attack was in the south, where five armored and mechanized divisions invaded Khuzestan on two axes, one crossing over the Shatt al Arab near Basra, which led to the siege and eventual occupation of Khorramshahr, and the s econd heading for Susangerd, which had Ahvaz, the major military base in Khuzestan, as its objective.Iraqi armored units easily pass the Shatt al Arab waterway and entered the Iranian province of Khuzestan. Dehloran and several other towns were targeted and were rapidly occupied to prevent reinforcement from Bakhtaran and from Tehran. By mid-October, a full division go on through Khuzestan headed for Khorramshahr and Abadan and the strategic oil fields nearby. Other divisions headed toward Ahvaz, the provincial capital and site of an air base. Supported by heavy artillery fire, the troops made a rapid and significant advancealmost eighty kilometers in the premiere few days.In the battle for Dezful in Khuzestan, where a major air base is located, the local Iranian army commander requested air support in order to avoid a defeat. President Bani Sadr, therefore, authorized the release from jail of many pilots, some of whom were suspected of still being loyal to the shah. With the inc reased use of the Iranian air force, the Iraqi progress was somewhat curtailed. The last major Iraqi territorial gain took place in early November 1980. On November 3, Iraqi forces reached Abadan but were repulsed by a Pasdaran unit.Even though they surrounded Abadan on tierce sides and occupied a portion of the city, the Iraqis could not overcome the stiff resistance sections of the city still under Iranian control were resupplied by boat at night. On November 10, Iraq captured Khorramshahr after a bloody house-to-house fight. The price of this victory was high for both sides, about 6,000 casualties for Iraq and even more for Iran. Iraqs blitz-like assaults against scattered and demoralized Iranian forces led many observers to think that Baghdad would win the war within a matter of weeks.Indeed, Iraqi troops did capture the Shatt al Arab and did seize a forty-eight-kilometer- wide strip of Iranian territory. Iran may have prevented a quick Iraqi victory by a rapid mobilization of volunteers and deployment of loyal Pasdaran forces to the front. besides enlisting the Iranian pilots, the new revolutionary regime also recalled veterans of the old imperial army, although many experienced officers, most of whom had been trained in the United States, had been purged. Furthermore, the Pasdaran and Basij (what Khomeini called the Army of Twenty Million or Peoples Militia) recruited at least 100,000 volunteers.Approximately 200,000 soldiers were sent to the front by the end of November 1980. They were ideologically committed troops (some members even carried their own shrouds to the front in the expectation of martyrdom) that fought bravely despite inadequate armor support. For example, on November 7 commando units played a significant role, with the navy and air force, in an assault on Iraqi oil export terminals at Mina al Bakr and Al Faw. Iran hoped to diminish Iraqs financial resources by reducing its oil revenues.Iran also attacked the northern pipeline in the e arly days of the war and persuaded Syria to close the Iraqi pipeline that crossed its territory. Irans resistance at the outset of the Iraqi invasion was unexpectedly strong, but it was neither well organized nor equally successful on all fronts. Iraq easily advanced in the northern and central sections and crushed the Pasdarans scattered resistance there. Iraqi troops, however, faced untiring resistance in Khuzestan. President Saddam Hussein of Iraq may have thought that the approximately 3 million Arabs of Khuzestan would join the Iraqis against Tehran.Instead, many allied with Irans regular and irregular armed forces and fought in the battles at Dezful, Khorramshahr, and Abadan. Soon after capturing Khorramshahr, the Iraqi troops anomic their initiative and began to dig in along their line of advance. Tehran rejected a settlement offer and held the line against the militarily superior Iraqiforce. It refused to accept defeat, and easy began a series of counteroffensives in Janua ry 1981. Both the volunteers and the regular armed forces were eager to fight, the latter seeing an opportunity to regain prestige lost because of their association with the shahs regime.Irans first major counterattack failed, however, for political and military reasons. President Bani Sadr was engaged in a power struggle with key religious figures and eager to gain political support among the armed forces by direct involvement in military operations. Lacking military expertise, he initiated a premature attack by one-third regular armored regiments without the assistance of the Pasdaran units. He also failed to take into account that the ground near Susangerd, muddied by the preceding rainy season, would make resupply difficult.As a result of his tactical decision making, the Iranian forces were surrounded on three sides. In a long exchange of fire, many Iranian armored vehicles were destroyed or had to be abandoned because they were either stuck in the mud or needed minor repairs. Fortunately for Iran, however, the Iraqi forces failed to follow up with another attack. Iran stopped Iraqi forces on the Karun River and, with limited military stocks, unveiled its human wave assaults, which used thousands of Basij (Popular Mobilization Army or Peoples Army) volunteers.

Advertising to children Essay Example for Free

Advertising to children EssayOver the last few decades advertize has altered the lives of many and in particular children. Children be susceptible to what they see and atomic number 18 more prone to act on a whim. This research paper impart analyse publicize which is aimed at children and will test the following dissertation statement Thesis Advertising misleads children in purchasing goods which they do not need. When you think about this, it may not seem that true. You could argue that you dont know anyone whose look or style is influenced by Hollywoods stars. But, you know youve seen people wearing Sean John or JLo brand clothing.Celebrities also influence fashion much more generally. near fashion trends were either started or influenced by the big stars, says Ramon. Another key component of child intended marketing is the music industry. Stephen Kiehl of the Baltimore Sun says, You could be forgiven for confound the Number 1 song in the U. S. last week with a comme rcial. The journalist also mentions that some musical artists are even paid to push specific harvest-times in their songs. A recent example of this is Petey Pablos song Freak-a-Leak in which the lyrics include, Now I got to give a shout out to Seagrams gin.Cause Im drinkin it and they payin me for it. agree to the San Francisco marketing company, Agenda Inc. , 59 brands have been mentioned 645 times in the songs that have made it into the top 20 this year. Another colossal reservoir of advertising aimed at children is oddly enough, school. Looking right which really means fitting in, is very important for young teenagers, says LaRue- Robinson, a middle school guidance counselor in Forestville, Md. With students caring about how their peers are dressed, moms are beginning to worry Its gotten really bad now withTiny Teddies and Cheezels give a balance diet to children (Houlihan, 2005). On the other hand, some advertisements using prize to deceive children to buy their products. The video (Buy me that, too 1992) explained how the television advertising deceptive children. From the Cereal Giveaways advertising, children can get a complete set of baseball cards easily (Buy me that, too 1992. But the presenter said 73 boxes to get a good chance only, this solution in expenditure increasing for parents (Buy me that, too 1992).Therefore, television advertising directed at children is not fair, people can not allow deceptive advertising continue to misleading children, it should be forbid. Some people argue that if government do not allowed manufacturers to nurture their products on children television, this will lead to destroy of the childrens product industry. This point of view is biased. Word-of-mouth is influencing children buying power. Harry Potter novel now is popular around the world, but the success is not from television advertising, the books themselves became lucky are because of word-of-mouth between children (Blades, Gunter Oates cited in Pro ctor Richards, 2002).Without television advertising, childrens product has been successful in society, Harry Potter gives manufacturers an example that how to achieve success without to promote on children television. Moreover, television advertising is not only method for manufacturers to promote their products. According to the Australia Film Commission report (AFC, 2005), it is estimated the total advertising expenditure with commercial message Economic Advisory Service of Australia (CEASA). Television advertising is not the around important channel for manufacturers in Australia, newspapers is the first choice for manufacturers to promote their products.Also, from the study, manufacturers like to hold radio, magazines and other channels to promote their products (AFC, 2005). Furthermore, 78% of children and adolescents who use the internet do so at home (National Center for Education Statistics, 2003). Internet has become an talent way for manufacturers to promote their good s. From the word-of-mouth advertising and study from AFC, people can find the answer easily that forbid the manufacturers to advertise on television will not destroy the childrens product industry. To escape advertising is nearly impossible brand logotypes are everywhere. Even in outer space you sanctimoniousness escape it.In 1993 Schwarzeneggers on a lower floorrated and misunderstood classic, (my opinion, Ill admit it ) Last Action Hero had its logo painted on a satellite for a large fee, and will circle our planet for the next few thousand years. The soldiers fighting in Iraq, even as I write this, are carrying advertisements the M-16A2 has a Colt logo stamped into its side, a reminder of who makes that quality weapon. Even in the remotest regions of our world artifacts with recognizable logos are found thanks to care packages. (The Gods Must be distressed is a wonderful movie on this subject. ) Why do we tolerate such invasions to our lives?Largely because these sorts of adv ertisements slip under our radar, but also for identification purposes if you came to my nominate and see my entertainment centre, you might know what the DVD player, stereo and the television are, but if you are not familiar with gaming systems, you would have trouble distinguishing the X-Box from the Playstation 2 or the Gamecube. So that type of brand labelling does serve a purpose other than advertising in some cases. There are exceptions to the rule of slapping a logo on everything that we purchase, and a clear boundary that corporations will not cross furniture.A simple scan of the room Im in shows that that my furniture has goose egg denoting where it came from, although I do know that the mattress does have a manufacturers tag on it, my sheets cover it. Out of sight, out of mind. Advertising is becoming more and more a part of our society. The film Minority Report features a scene where advertising is everywhere, and customized to the person. This could be construed as an invasion of privacy, as every purchase of the individual is scrutinized and advertising is personally tailored to that person. This type of information gathering is already being tested in seemingly honest places.Search for a book on amazon.com and you will get recommendations for other products that you may also be interested in based on your search. (Houlihan, 2005, pg76) Advertisers are also starting to work under our radar. On the Internet, advertisers used to use tracking cookies to find out the places you went, what you purchased online and other information. Soon the pop up ad appeared to annoy just about everyone who saw them. Pop ups were preceded by E-junk mail, dubbed Spam. The problem has moved on to what have been dubbed Spybots programs that integrate into your browser program and report back the web activity to its source. Gator is the most infamous of these.The answer to the thesis statement based on this research paper is yes. To sum up, it is clearly shows that p ublic should outlaw all advertisements that target innocent children. As this is good for childrens health and controls the increasing childhood obesity, and also is of great benefit to the relationship between children and parents. Parents are no longer afraid that children are influenced by unhealthy content of advertisements. Nowadays, more and more countries, like many European Union countries, implement a ban on childrens advertising.Children are a countrys future, protecting their wellbeing and healthy life is the most important responsibility not only for their parents but also for the whole society.ReferencesDerived from esbco host The university of Winnipeg http//libproxy. uwinnipeg. ca/login? universal resource locator=http//search. ebscohost. com/login. asp? profile=web CNN. com Health America Australia Film Commission, 2005, what Australians are watching, Online, Available http//www. afc. gov. au/gtp/wftvisadrevenue. html November 24, 2008 Baker, F. 2004, TV-Toy Ad anal ysis Worksheet, Online, Availablehttp//medialit. med. sc. edu/toyadanalysisworksheet. htm November, 24, 2005

Definition of Community in Community Health Nursing

Definition of company in Community health NursingGive a definition of what a residential district is it is not solely geography, but includes factors of culture, ethnicity, age, etc. Consider principles of biotic community awe and critic in ally discuss how a PHN in Ireland could ensure that c be provided in her particular community is both inclusive and comprehensive.IntroductionA community may be defined in many different ways. Community c ar can also be defined differentially, maybe in relation to a funda amiable philosophy, may in terms of imposed limitations and definitions of community delineation. word of honorOne definition ofcommunity is A social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, sh be government, and ofttimes chip in a common cultural and historical heritage (http//www.sustainablemeasures.com/Training/Indicators/Cmmunty.html). This notion of community identifies the key elements of community in relation to health c be that concern health fright service providers and policy makers. Communities can be defined in terms of their location, but it is not enough to delineate communities in terms of specific areas, because communities are not simply collections of people who are in close proximity with each other by happenstance (Webb, 1986). Communities occur because of features which bring people together, often because of need, such as family support, or because of common interest, such as healthcare support groups. However, not all groups which share a common interest are communities (Trevilion, 1993). Location and purpose seem to be aspects of community, sharing not only common interest but common activities and common purposes, common concerns and common involve (Sines et al, 2005).Culture, ethnicity, age, gender, sexuality, all of these can be characteristics which define a community, but they could also be different elements of identities and needs within a particular community. For example, it is possible to gugg le of traveller community health, traveller womens health, gay mens health, and the like, and thus we are referring to communities which may exist within geographical communities, or notwithstanding geographical boundaries (McMurray, 2003).Within the United Kingdom, issues surrounding community health and wellbeing have concerned healthcare providers, particularly in defining distinct communities or sectors of communities, in order to identify health needs and develop and mobilise services in order to meet those needs (Lewis, 1999). However, these needs and the communities focused on have been traditionally limited to government-defined communities or definitions of who belongs to what community (Lewis, 1999). More recently, the re-orientation of UK healthcare services towards a more patient-centred model has led to the upsurge of service substance absubstance absubstance ab exploiter employment in design, development and evaluation of services (Pickar et al, 2002 Simpson et al, 2 006 Tait and Lester, 2005 Telford and Faulkner, 2004 Humphreys, 2005).This could be viewed as a means of breaking down the traditional hierarchical barriers between the community or communities being served by healthcare providers, and the providers themselves (Telford and Faulkner, 2004). Addressing community needs can be informal, local, or national and formal, and seems to form part of governance strategies in the UK and Ireland (DoHC, 2001). such(prenominal) strategies also now seem to focus not only on the service user information role, through gathering feedback and through service user involvement (Poulton, 1997), but also the need for greater collaboration, within and between healthcare and community/ social care/ voluntary sector agencies (Cumberledge, 1986 Fisher et al, 1999). These are all very good ideals, but in order to make user involvement and cooperative approaches work, information needs to be applied to blueprint, and practice needs to be changed for the better. This requires staff at some level to enforce these changes.It might be that the Public Health Nursing role within the Irish community healthcare linguistic context could be viewed as one of the loci for the enforcement of community-oriented healthcare proviso. However, more information is needed on how this enforcement of change could be achieved through this role. For example, collaborative care planning, needs assessment and care provision has existed for decades (see for example, Webb, 1986), but this kind of join up working is still not a reality of practice, with failings in communication and challenges of interprofessional working still dogging the footsteps of primary healthcare providers (Poulton and West, 1999). If healthcare providers cannot work well with each other, they set a poor example for joined up working with community-focused or community-derived groups, as well as individuals who identify themselves as belonging to certain communities.Community services withi n the Irish context cover both health services primary, secondary and tertiary and social care services, all of which are supposed to meet the needs of the individual and the community. However, provision and suitability of services can vary by location. Because of the diverse nature of communities, it might be difficult to provide services which meet all community needs in any given location. This would suggest a need for flexibility of care provision, and again underlines the need for good inter-professional, inter-disciplinary, and inter-agency working. Public Health Nurses are accustomed to working with multiple professions and agencies, but there is a need to re-evaluate concepts of diversity in relation to the communities which occur within their sphere of practice.ConclusionCommunity is a term which encompasses many aspects of social life. Healthcare services which have a community focus would have to be very flexible, adaptable, and even creative, because of the more and m ore diverse nature of communities. This diversity emerges not only from social changes, some of which are driven by economic, media and technological changes, but also by unsanded apprehensions of communities and their inherent components, differences and similarities. Community focused models of service design and provision are those which would involve service users in design, planning, governance and evaluation of services, but such involvement must be representative of the increasing diversity of the communities concerned.Public health nurses are in a good position to access and support all sectors of the community within the Irish context, and to support service users to provide input into all levels of health and social care provision, even into healthcare professional education. However, understanding communities is an ongoing issue and services must be designed to reflect the true needs of each community. As such, they must be responsive preferably than prescriptive.Refer encesCumberlege, J. (1986) collaborationism. London Centre for Advancement of Interprofessional EducationDepartment of Health and Children (2001) Primary oversee a New Direction. Available from http//www.dohc.ie/publications/pdf/primcare.pdf?direct=1 Accessed 10-11-08.Fisher, B., Neve, H. Zoe, H. (1999) Community development, user involvement and primary health care community development has much to offer primary care groups. British Medical Journal 318 (7186) 749-750.Humphreys, C. (2005) Service user involvement in social work education a case example. Social Work Education 24 (7) 797-803.Lewis, J. (1999) The concepts of community care and primary care in the UK the 1960s to the 1990s Health and Social Care in the Community 7 (5) 333-341.McMurray, A. (2003) Community Health and Wellness A Sociological Approach. second Ed. Elsevier, AustraliaPickar, S., Marshall, M., Rogers, A. et al (2002) User involvement in clinical governance. Health Expectations 5 187-198.Poulton, B.C. (199 7) Consumer feedback and determining satisfaction with services. IN Mason, C. (ed) Achieving Quality in Community Health Care Nursing London Macmillan Press.Poulton, B. and West, M. (1999) The Determinants of Effectiveness in Primary Health Care Teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 131Simpson, E.L, Barkham, M, Gilbody, S. and House, A. (2006) Involving service users as researchers for the evaluation of adult statutory mental health services. The Cochrane Library 3Sines, D., Appleby, F. and Frost, M. (2005) Community Health Care Nursing 3rd Ed. Bath Blackwell Publishing.Tait, L. Lester, H. (2005) Encouraging user involvement in mental health services. Advances in Psychiatric Treatement 11 168-175.Telford, R. and Faulkner, A. (2004) Learning about service user involvement in mental health research. Journal of Mental Health 13 (6) 549-559.Trevillion, S. (1993) Care in the Community a Networking Approach to Community Partnership. London LongmanVan Teijlingen, E.R., Hundley, V., R ennie, A.M. et al (2003) Maternity satisfaction studies and their limitations, Birth 30 (2) 75-82.Webb, A. (1986) Collaboration in Planning a pre-requisite of Community Care. In Webb, A. and Sistow, G. Eds. Planning Needs and Scarcity. Essays on Personal Social Services. London Allen and Unwin

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC): Structure and Function

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) Structure and FunctionThere atomic number 18 many complex mechanisms employed by the resistant system to destroy invading organisms, abnormal mobile phones and contain transmissions in order to maintain health and life. Antigen presenting cells (APC) are some of the cells that form part of these mechanisms. This strive will look at what APCs are, the different types with examples and their specific roles in the immune response.APCs are cells that take up antigens and present them to lymphocytes during an immune response (Sherwood et al, 2009). The components of APCs that actually do the presenting are Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) Class I and Class II MHC molecules (Sompayrac, 2003). These two complexes provide two different path dashs of antigen presentation that set almosts different population of T cells to carry away the invading pathogen concerned.All nucleated cells of the body express MHC segmentation I molecules and are there fore referred to as non- lord APCs (Kropshofer et al, 2005). MHC class I molecules are like billboards that expose on the approach of the cell, peptides of processed endogenous proteins (Sompayrac, 2003).The endogenous proteins could be those encoded by computer viruses or parasites that have infected the cell. The main focus of MHC class I APCs is on events within the cell. Typically in a viral infection, the virus enters the cell and uses the cells own biosynthetic machinery to produce proteins encoded by viral genes (Wagner et al, 2004). Viral proteins are scummy down into peptides by enzymes within the cell (proteasomes) (DeFranco et al, 2007). Following this, the peptides are carried into the endoplasmic reticulum by a TAP transporter (Sompayrac, 2003). After which MHC class I molecules within the cell are loaded with these peptides along with a sample of other normal proteins being made by the cell. This MHC-peptide complex is then transported to the cell surface for prese ntation. The protein fragments are displayed on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells (Tc) (Schindler, 1991). Having this mechanism in place allows all body cells to be monitored by CD8+ve Tc cells which chatter the cells. Tc cells detect foreign peptides bound to an MHC so if a cell has been invaded by a virus or parasite, the Tc cells are alerted and respond by destroying the abnormal cell thus preventing the spread of viruses throughout the body (DeFranco et al, 2007).MHC class II molecules are designed to present peptides to helper T cells (Th). Unlike the MHC class I molecules, MHC class II molecules are restricted to certain cell types termed professional APCs. Their focus is on events unfolding in the outside environment so can present samples of antigens derived from exogenous antigens in various parts of the body. Professional APCs display class I and class II MHCs as well as co-stimulatory signals (Sompayrac, 2003). In order to function, T cells, both Tc and Th cells , bring activating. For this to happen, T cells exact to recognise its cognate antibody in an MHC complex and they also need a co-stimulatory signal which can only be provided by professional APCs (Wellness.com, 2010). Co-stimulation is provided by a protein (B7) on APCs which interlocks with a nonher protein (CD28) on the surface of T cells.Examples of professional APCs are blow upd macrophages, activated dendritic cells (DC) and activated B cells. DCs are the most important of the APCs as it capable of initiating an immune response by trigger nave T cells (Sompayrac, 2003). These cells are strategically located in areas of the body much(prenominal) as the skin, mucosal lining of lung and digestive tract where microbes are apparent to enter (Sherwood et al, 2009). In normal tissues DCs are immature, expressing few B7 protein and MHC molecules on their surfaces so are poor antigen presenters. However, when a microbe(s) invade the tissue which DCs reside, they mature. DC are specialize as they have pattern recognition receptors on their surface which recognises common features of invading microbes such as LPS on the surface of gram negative bacteria. DCs takes up pathogens through receptor mediated endocytosis and degrade it in a lysosome (DeFranco et al, 2007). During a invasion, cytokines (TNF ) released by activated macrophages are recognised by the DC which informs it that innate immune system is under attack. Cytokines bind to receptors on the DC causing it to cease phagocytosis, leave the tissues (site of infection) and migrate through the lymphatic system. Whilst travelling, the DC equips the class II MHC militia with the antigen and also produces B7 co-stimulatory protein. During this time also, DC upregulates the expression of class I MHC molecules as a precautionary measure that if the DC was infected by a virus or parasite at the site of infection, the antigen could be processed into protein fragments for presentation if necessary (Male, 200 4). By the time the DC reaches the lymph node, it has its co-stimulatory molecules and the MHC class II- peptide complex(es) primed and ready to activate nave T cells.Lymph nodes have compartments that have bountiful supplies of B and T cells (Schindler, 1991). Whilst at the lymph node, DCs trigger the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to CD4+ve Th cells with duplicate receptors (Sherwood, 2009). After which, the APC expel interleukin, a chemical which activate Th cells. Activated Th cells then secretes cytokines which stimulates the Th into rapid proliferation and differentiation into effector Th cells and memory Th cells (DeFranco et al, 2007). Memory Th cells are useful in future infections by the same pathogen whilst effector Th cells activate B cells to secrete antibodies enhancing other immune activities (Sherwood, 2009). Additionally effector Th cells and antibody molecules depart from the lymph node and enter the circulation which they then leave at the infec tion site. Antibodies opsonise the bacteria enhancing their uptakes by phagocytes, stimulate Natural killer cells (NK) to directly lyse the bacteria and also activate the lethal compliment system (Sherwood, 2009). CD4 +ve T-cell on the other hand activate macrophages to become more than cytotoxic.It is important that the magnitude of the immune response be in proportion to the seriousness of the attack (Sompayrac, 2003). As previously mentioned DCs migrate to lymph nodes only when activated by battle cytokines. In a serious infection, many cytokines are released and thus more DCs are activated. Before their migration to lymph nodes, activated DCs release chemokines, a chemical which triggers precursor cells (monocytes) to leave the blood stream and become their replacement as DCs in (Sompayrac, 2003). These new DCs are then able to be activated and make their way to the lymph node which amplifies the response to the invasion. The new recruits of DCs are like photojournalists, the antigenic peptide which they carry to the lymph node being a snapshot of the infection site (Sompayrac, 2003). This is useful so if there are changes in the area, the appropriate T cell can be activated and thus elicit the immune response most suitable. If the infection is mild, there will be fewer cytokines produced, less DCs activated, fewer chemokines released, fewer replacements of DCs therefore the number of DCs that make their way to the lymph node will also be significantly less. Consequently the number of B and T cells that becomes activated in the lymph nodes relies greatly on the number of DCs present.As detailed above DCs play a role in the activation of macrophages. Macrophages are one of the early defences against invaders that initiate the cell mediated immune response (Schindler, 1991). Macrophages are very weak at presenting antigens as they only possess enough MHC molecules and co-stimulatory proteins when activated by battle cytokines e.g. IFN (DeFranco et al, 200 7). Macrophages function in the re-stimulation of experienced T cells so they continue to partake in the fight against the pathogen (Male, 2004). They engulf pathogens that have invaded the tissues, process it using internal enzymes and present the peptides on MHC class II molecules. This continual display of antigens is recognised by Th cells which continue to complete their function. succeeding(prenominal) the activated macrophage releases cytokines are previously mention that act on the DC i.e. TNF . Other cytokines released includes IL-1 and IL-8. IL-1 aids in the activation of B and T cells (Schindler, 1991).B cells are the third professional APC. At the start of an infection B cells are nave so do non play a definitive role. However throughout the course of the infection B cells become activated. Some B-cells are specific to T-independent antigen so only require masking of its receptor (BCR) to a cognate antigen for activation (Sherwood 2009). Other B-cells are specific to T-dependent antigen so after processing the antigen and displaying it on MHC class II molecules, binding of a Th cell is required for their activation. The MHC class II complex interacts with the TCR on the CD4+ Th cell which recognise the specific antigen on the B cell. Next the helpers release a chemical known as interleukin triggering the activation of the B cell. Activated B cells go through rapid proliferation and differentiation into memory cells and antibody producing blood plasma cells (Sherwood, 2009). B cells have the advantage of presenting the antigen very quickly so makes the immune response more efficient.The development of two different pathways of antigen presentation i.e. via MHC class I and II molecules can be rationalised in that each ultimately helps to elicit the most appropriate immune response through stimulation of the T cell the population most effective in eliminating the pathogen in question.MHC class I APCs allows for the monitoring of all body cells thr ough Tc cells whilst MHC class II APCs stress the help of Th cells and B cells which directs the immune response in a way that corresponds to the seriousness an infection. Through these functions, APCs ultimately helps to maintain health and life.Should Teens Be Allowed network Access?Should Teens Be Allowed Internet Access?The profits is a large market with practically everything available in it. It is a massive network of computers ecumenical connected by cables and satellites. Most of the time, it is just referred to as The Net or the World Wide Web (www). The meshwork today is used for multiple tasks such as receiving email, communicating with race from all around the human being, receive text, images, video and sound. It is a very helpful tool for getting any tuition needed. This is because it has people from all around the globe posting information onto the net profit for the use of everybody who access the cyberspace which is a public accessible feather for millions of people nationwide. (Young Media Australia 2008, What is the internet?)However, the internet nowadays is too widely used by tweens and is becoming an issue among our society. This is caused by different factors that whitethorn be dangerous to them. This study is to check into whether it is wise for tweens to be allowed internet access.We whitethorn wonder who exactly are tweens? To be exact, they are individuals who are no longer clawren anymore yet not a teenager. This means they would fall in the age group of between 11 13 years old. People are doubtful about plentiful them internet access because they may not be mature enough to differentiate what is good or bad and this may cause them to be convincible to internet danger. Internet danger is generally caused by people who are not taught with moral ethics and try to inflict damage onto tweens.Advantages of the internet for tweensOffers a wide spectrum of informationThe internet is a virtual treasure boob full of valuabl e information. It has a huge amount of publications added everyday and is slowly evolving as one of the greatest source of information. Any form of information from A to Z can nowadays be so easily obtained just by a few clicks on the computer and tons of information show on the screen. Also, with the help of search engines on the internet, the work of hunting for information or data is minimized. Since the internet provides so much of information, it is a great source of reference for students who does research work or even just to look for information which cannot be obtained in school. Through the internet, forums can be accessed and through forums, people are able to trade information and share opinions with each other. (The Advantages Disadvantages Of The Internet n.d.)communicating with the worldThere are plenty of chat rooms that can be used on the internet such as Live Messenger, bumpkin Messenger, Skype and so on. These chat rooms allow worldwide communication to be possi ble. As long as computers are connected to the internet, anybody from any part of the world can communicate online. It is very convenient for family members who are apart to communicate with each other instantaneously without the need of using email or escargot mail. (The Advantages Disadvantages Of The Internet n.d.)Saves times in completing tasksBefore internet existed, there were many tasks that took a lot of time to complete. Now with the help of internet in the modern society, the time used to complete these tasks is reduced by an uncanny amount. One example would be students using the internet to communicate with appriseers online. Students who are shirk in studies may have extra classes with teachers through communication programs. This greatly reduces students time needed to revise on their own and yet not in full comprehend the subject. Also, assignments done can be sent to teachers via the computer with the use of email.Educational games programsGames nowadays intrigu e tweens and play a big role in their lives. Computer games are constantly being played by tweens from all around the world and the internet has a huge load of these games. Specifically, educational games are the games that have positive effect on tweens. These games can provide practice in problem solving and logic and also provide practice in use of fine motor and spatial skills. Furthermore, some of the educational games require two players or more so this allows parents to occasionally play together with the child and have some family bonding. These games being fun activities help to relieve stress and help keep the mind fresh. (Effects Of Video Game Playing On Children 2009)Risks disadvantages tweens talent faceHowever good the internet might appear to be and have many advantages upon tweens, the ugly side of internet should also be reviewed cautiously to actually determine whether the internet is more harmful than helpful to tweens.Access to inappropriate content or informat ionThe internet being the treasure chest to all information, it also contains negative contents such as pornography and furiousness. Tweens who accidentally access to pornography may follow up images that would scar them for life and may potentially cause problems in their future life as these images may surface without warning. It is always internet pornography that is the first exposure to tweens of these inner images and the images they see causes their brain to play mind tricks on them. This causes human intimacy to be planted into them as something twisted and perverted and this implantation is irreversible. Ultimately, this may lead to sexual deviancy and crime, which in turn affects their future relationships and marriages. (Children as Victims n.d.)Violence also can make a huge impact on tweens. Tweens who are exposed to violence would generally be more hot-tempered and are very likely to have antisocial behavior such as threatening aggression and assault. This is because they are brainwashed into the world of violence and cannot distinguish between fantasy and reality. They may think that violence is the only way to settle problems and that being violent shows personal appeal and looks macho-like. (Children And Media Violence 2009)Chance to come across internet predatorsAn internet predator is usually an adult who exploits vulnerable children or tweens for sexual or abusive purposes, or also known as paedophiles. These people try to do these out of the norm things to satisfy their personal fetish. They would try to use the internet as a way of getting in contact with tweens and try to coax them to meet up. At this point, these tweens who are not under adult supervision may not be mature enough to think that this is potential danger and would simply just agree to meeting with this anonymous person. This would allow tweens to be vulnerable to these internet predators to carry out their dirty activities. In some reported cases, these paedophiles have raped and killed innocent children. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.) beseem victims of cyber bullyingCyber bullying is quite common nowadays in the virtual world. What exactly does cyber bullying mean? It basically is any form of harassment that occurs via the internet. account fake videos on web sites, leaving mean and evil emails towards somebody are forms of cyber bullying. Tweens who are cyber bullied would feel very depressed and overwhelmed as they do not know who these people are who cyber bully them. These helpless victims would usually suffer quietly and be mentally imbalanced because they usually dont tell an adult about this issue and just keep it to themselves. (What is Cyberbullying? n.d.)Be subjected to invasion of privacy, unsolicited advertising financial risksThere are plenty of commercial websites on the internet that may invade privacy by requesting for personal information. Tweens may be encouraged to complete questionnaires and enter competitions that lead to the divulgence of personal information or aim unforeseen costs. Also, some sites have advertisements that encourage tweens to acquire products which are costly and unnecessary for them. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.)Addiction to the internetIt is very easy for tweens to get addicted to the internet because it is so interactive. With all the contents available on the internet, tweens would opt to sit in front of a computer all day and this would cause them not to have time to finish assignments or work and decrease the time for socializing with people in person. This usually also causes tweens to be less healthy as they would lack the exercise needed for their body. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.) finisTo look at the whole argument in an unbiased way, a comparison has to be made between the advantages and disadvantages of the internet. It may appear that it is not advisable f or tweens to be allowed internet access because of all the negative effects it may cause. However, from a survey carried out, majority of the people agree that tweens should be given internet access and that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of the internet. These negative effects are avoidable and it basically comes down to the way tweens use the internet and how much they understand about the internet. These problems may be avoided if they are guided along the way by an adult because an adult is able to differentiate whats good and whats not on the internet and teach tweens how to avoid these sites on the internet. Most of the tweens who suffer from internet disadvantages are those who are ignorant and are not taught well on how to utilize internet as a powerful tool.(1615 words)

Effects Of Globalization On Cultures Cultural Studies Essay

Effects Of globalisation On Cultures Cultural Studies Es wordWith the economic, heathenish and scientific instruction, globalization has also been greatly affected in these argonas. The impact of globalization, lots life and spiritual brook great changes. Globalization process is irreversible, it is a necessary gird of forgiving civilization and has important meaning, which is largely positive. However, there are also many negative effects that cannot be ignored. More evident in the culture, so we cannot allow free development of globalization, we need to retain our own national cultural characteristics, and cannot blindly follow. Design should impact and promote cultural identity, because this is not solitary(prenominal) an economic issue, merely much of a psychological impact to national picture. For example, we can use the visualise elements of their characteristics, to make these things integrate into society and more(prenominal) slowly be accepted, to better meet peoples spiritual needs.IntroductionGlobalization is evidence since 1980s, with increasingly prominent in the world, a new phenomenon and that is the basic feature of the cede era,. Globalization is our one of the most occurrent topic of discussion, whether you are willing or not, it will affect you on your daily life or you jobs. downstairs the influence of globalization, we will find that the world is really getting smaller, information about people, economy, and cultural aspects are moving toward globalization. How can we not chase it and shares with the collection? It has brought us too much influence, which of course has its good and bad aspects in it, we cannot follow or duplicate, it must have its own characteristics, especially in the construct, should kept in their original culture and finding a goal to move forward to.1Analysis2.1 The globalization effects in the cultureGlobalization is an objective development of human civilization process which result from the dev elopment of human society and civilization development. The process of globalization has greatly driven the development of global social productive forces, promoted the progress of human civilization. People need to calm down and think about the process of globalization on human civilization that is positive and negative effects arising. Strength of Western civilization led to globalization, many developing countries and regions to enjoy the civilization of Western science and applied science while faced with the loss of the local cultural characteristics, as well as the risk of national culture.In addition to the positive effects of globalization, beyond the negative effects cannot be ignored, especially on the impact of Asian culture. Especially the impact on China even cannot be ignored. Globalization has quicken Chinas economic development, but behind the development, the problems are evident. For example, the rapid development of rural theatre of operationss have become urba nized, traditional architecture and culture under the influence of globalization because they have been making extensive damage instead of protecting them. A lot of traditional architecture has not been repaired due to their inexistence, those traditional cultural festivals have become very isolate is one example. In China there are many cultural festivals, with the involvement of Western culture, festivals, more and more Chinese people enjoy Western holidays, such as Christmas, Valentines Day, while the traditional Chinese festivals such as the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc.. are increasingly be left out. With less and less festive atmosphere, if it continues this way is bound to let go of traditional culture, it will be disappeared.Different Cultural in the worlds current characteristics of as exchange and dialogue, if under the influence of globalization with all the same culture, this world would be impossible to develop, and cultural needs of a variety of co lors, manoeuver peoples lives in interior design course, we should keep this point of view, design changes out life, orientation of people, therefore I think that maintaining our own cultural characteristics, in the interior design is also very important.Many people have realized that globalization has brought in many unfavorable factors, and they have already begun to protect those cultural heritages. But as a major power, the Eastern China were lagging behind to many Western. They have long been protecting those old buildings. In2addition to those countries we can also see the Russian countryside, and in many rural areas, we do not see a lot of modern architecture being preserved, many places are not very much affected by globalization. This is what many countries would need to learn.The historical cultures and traditions that is being left behind by the ancestors, our future generations should understand and respect those certain awe, the same reasons for as in why we had the Dr agon Boat Festival to commemorate Qu Yuan. Traditional culture is the invaluable legacy of our Chinese ancestors, those who recorded the history of the text, which reveals the tolerance of the protocol, those who disseminated the teachings of truth, each is worth the same pride of China. It is often questioned whether everyone had inherited and carry forward the lineage of ancestors? When counterfeit trends spread, we are not paying homage to the Western custom of vulgar cultural fascination with madness, but we should learn to inherit Chinese tradition and realize its teachings and philosophy.Many people now consider only the immediate economic interests of the various types of construction are operating together for commercial purposes, and they did not possess it into considerations of the cultural impact. Nowadays, a growing number of urban people yearning for a more quiet and comfortable life, and often make use of holidays as break time and to relax. The sake of our future in this increasingly urban life can find solace in a spiritual place, we cannot be take into the economic interests at the same time on our cultural life.2.2 communicate with culture into designWith the acceleration of human civilization, human productivity, modern design is very active in all aspects of human life. Materials are relatively abundant, the fictional character of life people are increasingly high in demands, so design has to meet the peoples material needs and emotional needs, should the heavy responsibility to improve the quality of human life. Prominent feature of modern design is people-centered, vigilance to human needs and meet functionality, people may enjoy modern design with happiness and relaxation.Building and construction technology have constantly been ameliorate very quickly over the years, new building is being constantly rising. The beauty of public billet needs to reflect the cultural connotation, because today people have to spend most of the time to the use of public spaces. The beauty of public space, we need a complete plan, rich in content, aesthetic and horrible Chinese3elements into the planning and design of public spaces which are a surging trend. Public space isan architectural core. For the movement of people the public space is a hub for the use function that is a distribution point for the spatial form that is an expression of architectural character. Eating space as a resistant of public space, it occupied a very large place.Take restaurants interior design as an example, under the influence in a globalized economy, there has been a variety of steadfast-food restaurants such as McDonalds, KFC, etc.., in these restaurants all over the world interior design are the same, I do not want to say that kind of restaurant is bad, but in such a large environment, people tend to feel less comfortable and cozy in the place. The design of a good restaurant should provide enjoyment in the pursuit of economic interests, but also can reflect the colorful side, so the design of my restaurant, I will focus on peoples senses integrated into some of the traditional Chinese elements. Because in the context of Chinas history, it has deeper understanding of cultural life, but also a very good expression in interior design, the use of these things deepend with traditional Chinese culture course, to achieve a balance which is moderation amongst culture and spaces.With the faster and faster of the modern life, western simple style impact on clothing, food, and other aspects. Also in the interior design, it has become a popular trend, but a kind of Chinese elements as part of our culture and tradition should be inherited. In the design of domestic and foreign, Chinese elements began to more and popular in the design concept. We can see many things used of Chinese element as usually in our daily life.The catering pains is an important part of public areas, it has very close connection to peoples lives, Eating food environment have a direct impact on peoples snappishness if it bad or good and, so I think why not joining the elements of national and the culture together in to the eating environment, so that it will be more grand. Because diet is also a culture, different countries have their own different food culture, under the influence of globalization, various fast food become very popular, We cannot deny that the various business opportunities brought by economic globalization, as the restaurants is moving forward for the purpose of commercial competition, if they can combine their own national characteristics, to create a dining environment more suitable to modern life, and which is most conducive to the long-term future development. Here are two examples to illustrate the traditional culture and environment, the combination of eating produce a better situation.The first case is a restaurant in Hong Kong, named OVOlogue.To restaurant, preserve and reusethe ground floor of the Canton ese verandah shop house built in 19th century,OVO endeavors to convert it into a chic and contemporary looking estery. OVOlogue, a fusion of OVO and dialogue, is a traditional Chinese restaurant filling the air with taste, art and heritage. Through interior design and selective artworks with unique characters, it successfully blends in history and modern Asian art into dining experience. OVOlogue coincides perfectly with the east-meets-west, tradition-meets-modern flavor.Another restaurant called shi shan xuan. East-meet-West is the design concept of this project. The space contains reception area, dining area and balcony etc. The design seeks to preserve and renovate the traditional Chinese style. Grey is the colour of Chinese characteristics and it dominates the dining area. The austere texture of hewn stone and the feminine quality of dining table create vivid contrasts. Interactive layers make for a unique and intimate spatial relationship. Natural lights are introduced in to th e dining area and with austere and understated decorations, the interior and the exterior are perfectly integrated. The design represents peoples willing of returning to nature and simplicity, as well as the peaceful and elegant lifestyle.2.3 relating to design conceptRecently, people abandon the illusion of fanaticism, longing for a comfortable life. Especially whenpeople want to get forth from the spinning of the world that only brings anxiety and fear, the ancientelements have a mysterious power that gives us the tranquility and calmness, and Sometimes it may not be recognized that the culture of the external forces have so powerful and deep to ones heart.The doctrine of the mean was the most faithful vision along the years in Chinas philosophy of life. The new generation try to achieve a balance between modern and classic that is also an art. Now I will combine the arts of this balance to my restaurants design concept, the use of cultural and natural to achieve this balance and coordination. This balance into the design is not only for aesthetics, but more significantly is to make the dining environment that changes peoples state of mind to be relaxed and enjoyable mood.3. ConclusionInterior design development to a variety of styles has been the coexistence of diverse age, the twenty-first century interior design will be in the context of globalization, with a variety of styles. Many new ideas will come in at the same time, consumers are able to accept the different style, people will accept a variety of angles comprehensive design of various forms and styles, not just understand the simple meaning of a simplification. To truly comprehend the fine traditional culture of their own, only through the fusion of globalization, culture and design to compare the essence of the approach to international action, to give the design with a true national significance and quality. We will truly grasp the so-called The more national, the more global that we all know the profound meaning of the design concept. From the international point of view, understanding again, emphasized the concept of nation in the impact of globalization, but also to seek common ground while reserving differences, develop and retain something of national culture

Rates of reaction:- sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Rates of reaction- sodium thiosulphate + hydrochloric unpleasantPlan-We must originate a piece of coursework investigating the rates ofreaction, and the effect that changing whizz particular variable has onthe reaction term. The rate of reaction is the time it reads one ormore of the reactants to react or the time it takes to produce a newproduct from a chemical reaction. To work out the reaction time we use of goods and servicesthe formula.1 divided by time taken for reactionThere are five factors which affect the rate of a reaction, accordingto the strike theory of reacting particles1. temperature of consequence,2. concentration of solution,3. pressure of gases in reaction,4. surface area of reactants,5. Catalysts.For my preliminary experiments I have elect to investigate the effecttemperature and concentration have on a reaction. I have chosen toinvestigate these reactants because the are the most practical for thelab and equipment that I have available to use also it woul d take tomuch time to prepare a solid in powdered and unpowdered form, and itis difficult to get accurate readings due to the inevitabilities ofhuman errors, and as gas is in general colourless it is difficult to gaugea reaction changing the pressure, and if a substance is added to givethe gas colour, it may influence the outcome of the experiment.Similarly the use of a catalyst complicates things, and if usedincorrectly could alter the outcome of the experiment.My preliminary experiments showed me that it would me more practicaland time saving if I just altered the temperature of the solution aschanging the concentration of the solution was very time consuming.However the preliminary experiments also helped me to choose asuitable strength of solution.Aim-To promise the effects of a change in temperature on the rate of areaction. The reaction that will be used isSodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid.Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) .As I immovable after my preliminary experiments I wil l only carry outone experiment, temperature change whilst all other variables stayconstant. As both, sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid aresoluble in water it means that I would be able to alter theconcentration of either of them. However I have chosen to vary thesodium thiosulphate as it is available in larger amounts. To alter thetemperature of the solution a water bath will be used to heat up theacid, thiosulphate and water to the necessary temperature.I decided on my range temperatures and the concentration that I woulduse during my preliminary series of experiments -I would be apply a concentration of 0.

Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter Essay -- Nathaniel Hawthorne Rappacc

Hawthornes Rappaccinis DaughterThis essay focuses on the way Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter subterfugeiculates the tension between the spirit and the existential world. Hawthorne challenges the empirical world Rappaccini, both malevolent for his experimentation with human nature and sympathetic for his savour for his daughter, represents, by raising an aesthetic question Rappaccini implicitly asks. Hawthorne never conclusively answers this question in his quest to preserve spiritual beauty in an empirical world, offering the most disturbing possibility of all could art and the artist prove as fatal to the human spirit as empiricism? Hawthornes sinister representation of Rappaccini early in the story belies this self-isolating showcases complexity and his overriding desire to protect his daughter from the miserable doom (942) she nonetheless suffers by creating her as a poisonous body, dangerous same(p) her sister plant in the garden. Rappaccini is first presented to us a tall, emaciated, sallow, and sickly-looking man, dressed in a scholars garb of black. He could never, even in his more youthful days, have expressed much warmth of heart, appearing as a somber figure apparently morose and removed from love at the tales beginning. Hawthorne opens the story in an allegorical framework he draws from Dantes Inferno by presenting Rappaccini as a seemingly stock-still character his demeanor was that of one walking among malignant influences, or influences that signal his role in the tale both as evil, since he walks among the deadly snakes, or evil spirits (925), and as Adam, the first man encountering evil in the Garden of Eden. Rappaccinis dubious, if not entirely evil character as the green-eyed gardener, along... ... in a practical world that threatens the spiritual one with its evil? Obviously, Rappaccinis answer in his self-imposed isolation and experiment with Giovanni and Beatrice fails rather, his attempt to alter the poisonous effects of the physi cal world on the spirit only attracts a greater, more deadly poisonthe dark aspects of human nature. He gives a dissatisfying alternative in Baglionis last, mocking line to Rappaccini, one in which the empirical horrors have, in the end, killed the spiritual essence along with Beatrice. It is a lesson not that about the dangers of science, then, but also about the dangers of human nature and its capacity for evil, from which art cannot lift us. Hawthornes bleak view of the scientist and the artist proposes a complete world no onenot Rappaccini, not Giovanni, not Hawthornecan achieve, even with the best of intentions.